System Design Interview Labs

Architecture rounds,
made repeatable.

21 real case studies โ€” URL shorteners to LLM inference serving โ€” each with interviewer dialogue, an architecture blueprint, and a flow diagram you can narrate out loud.

Browse all case studies

21

Case studies

5

Categories

15

Flow blueprints

21

Free to start

Your Interview Readiness Checklist

Unlocked case studies: 21

URL Shortener

Design a highly scalable service like Bitly to shorten long URLs into manageable links.

Open

Ride-Hailing Service

Architect a real-time platform like Uber to connect riders with drivers and manage trips.

Open

Video Streaming Platform

Design a massive-scale system like YouTube for video uploading, processing, and streaming.

Open

Free access

100%

of case studies open without membership

Playbook Section

Introduction

Understand expectations before touching diagrams.

21 of 21 case studies free

Review the FAANG evaluation rubric, pacing, and storytelling patterns. The interviewer wants clarity, not perfection.

Key Actions

  • โ–นRehearse your opening 60 seconds (scope, clarifying questions, success metric).
  • โ–นKnow the evaluation axes: requirements, API contracts, data model, scale math, resiliency.
  • โ–นPractice narrating trade-offs out loud with a timer.

Suggested Resources

  • โ–นRead the interview primer
  • โ–นCollect favorite prompts
  • โ–นDefine your failure stories

The method

Your 45-minute system design framework

You don't need 15 memorized architectures โ€” you need one repeatable way to attack a problem you've never seen. Every case study on this site follows these ten steps, so the pattern transfers to whatever your interviewer asks tomorrow.

01

Clarify

What are we building? Restate the problem in one sentence.

02

Scope

What are we NOT building? Cut features out loud.

03

Estimate

Users โ†’ QPS โ†’ storage โ†’ bandwidth. Let one number drive the design.

04

Model

Entities and API contracts before any boxes.

05

Architect

Draw the simplest system that satisfies the requirements.

06

Deep dive

Pick the 2โ€“3 hardest problems and go deep only there.

07

Scale

Find the bottleneck. Fix that one, not everything.

08

Failure

What happens when each component breaks? Blast radius and recovery.

09

Trade-offs

Explain why this design โ€” and what you gave up for it.

10

Summarize

Walk the interviewer through the final design end to end.

Learning journey

From first case study to staff-level architecture

Follow the stages in order. Each stage assumes the muscles built by the one before it.

Progression, not memorization

How every architecture grows

Never open with the final diagram. Start simple and let each new component earn its place โ€” interviewers score the reasoning between levels, not the boxes.

Level 1 โ€” Simple

Client โ†’ API โ†’ DB

Correct for thousands of users. Start here out loud โ€” it proves you scale on evidence, not habit.

Level 2 โ€” Production

Client
  โ†“
Load Balancer
  โ†“
API (n instances)
  โ†“
Cache โ†’ DB

The LB exists for deploys and instance failure; the cache exists because reads dominate. Each box has a stated reason.

Level 3 โ€” Scale

Client
  โ†“
CDN / LB
  โ†“
Services (split by domain)
  โ†“
Cache tier
  โ†“
Partitioned DB

Partitioning appears only when one primary provably cannot hold the write volume. Services split along team and failure boundaries.

Level 4 โ€” Global

Users
  โ†“
Global routing (GeoDNS/Anycast)
  โ†“
Regional services
  โ†“
Regional caches
  โ†“
Replicated data

Regions exist for latency and jurisdiction, not vanity. Now consistency between regions is your hardest problem โ€” say so.

Case Study Library

21 of 21 case studies

Case Study

URL Shortener

Beginner

Design a highly scalable service like Bitly to shorten long URLs into manageable links.

Client

Edge POP

Redis

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Ride-Hailing Service

Intermediate

Architect a real-time platform like Uber to connect riders with drivers and manage trips.

Clients

API Gateway

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Video Streaming Platform

Intermediate

Design a massive-scale system like YouTube for video uploading, processing, and streaming.

client

upload gateway

signed URL (S3/GCS)

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Mobile OS Update

Beginner

Ship a critical OS update to 500M devices within 5 days.

Device

Update Gateway (global

API service

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Music Streaming Platform

Intermediate

Design Spotify-scale music streaming with personalized playlists and offline sync.

Ingest pipeline

object storage +

CDN distribution

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Microblogging Platform

Intermediate

Design Twitter-scale microblogging with timelines, fan-out, and moderation.

Tweet ingest

metadata DB (Cassandra) + search index

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

LLM Serving (OpenAI/Gemini)

Advanced

Design a platform to train and serve large language models as an API.

Global API gateway

auth

safety policy

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

AI Pair Programming

Advanced

Design Windsurf/Codex: an AI coding assistant integrated with IDEs.

IDE plugin

context service

storage (object store

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Professional Network

Intermediate

Design LinkedIn-scale networking, feeds, and recruiting tools.

Profile service writes to graph DB

search index

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Code Hosting Platform

Beginner

Design GitHub-scale repositories, pull requests, and CI integrations.

Git front end

repo storage

blob store

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Video Streaming (Netflix)

Intermediate

Design Netflix-scale SVOD with personalization and Open Connect.

Ingest

encoding

DRM

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Google Borg

Advanced

Explain Google's Borg cluster manager handling billions of containers.

Job submit

Borg master

scheduler

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Multi-Agent AI Orchestration

Advanced

Design a platform that coordinates fleets of autonomous LLM agents โ€” planning, tool use, memory, and guardrails at scale.

Planner agent

Orchestrator

Worker agents

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

RAG Pipeline at Scale

Advanced

Design a retrieval-augmented generation system: chunking, embeddings, vector search, and grounding an LLM's answers in your own data.

Ingestion pipeline

Vector index

Hybrid retrieval

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

LLM Inference Serving at Scale

Advanced

Design the serving layer that runs a large language model in production: batching, KV cache, GPU autoscaling, and latency SLOs.

Router/gateway

Continuous-batching scheduler

KV cache manager

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

WhatsApp

Intermediate

Design a messaging service delivering billions of messages a day with end-to-end delivery guarantees.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Ticketmaster

Intermediate

Design a ticket-booking system that survives 10 million fans hitting one on-sale at the same second.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Dropbox

Intermediate

Design a file sync service: upload once, appear everywhere, survive laptops that lie and networks that die.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Rate Limiter

Beginner

Design a distributed rate limiter โ€” the beginner-friendly question that still exposes senior-level thinking.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Web Crawler

Beginner

Design a polite, distributed crawler that fetches billions of pages without DDoSing the internet.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Case Study

Google Docs

Advanced

Design real-time collaborative editing โ€” concurrent cursors, conflict-free merging, and offline edits.

PromptDialogueBlueprint
Open breakdown
Explore

Newly Released Content

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URL Shortener

Design a highly scalable service like Bitly to shorten long URLs into manageable links.

FreeOpen

Ride-Hailing Service

Architect a real-time platform like Uber to connect riders with drivers and manage trips.

FreeOpen

Video Streaming Platform

Design a massive-scale system like YouTube for video uploading, processing, and streaming.

FreeOpen